Journal of the Korean Geographical Society ISSN:1225-6633(Print) 대한지리학회지

Large sports arenas are prone to mass-casualty incidents during fires or terrorist attacks because high spectator densities interact with tightly spaced seat rows and steep, multi-level circulation. To quantify the spatiotemporal evacuation vulnerability that emerges from the interaction of crowd density and seat layout, this study develops an Agent-Based Model (ABM) of the Gocheok Sky Dome. The ABM represents individual pedestrians with rule-based movement and local interactions, enabling emergent congestion to evolve through time and space. We simulate multiple crowd-density levels and evaluate evacuation time and spatiotemporal patterns. Under high-density conditions, congestion intensified around key nodes, and detouring behavior emerged. In the medium-density range (40–60%), run-to-run variance is the largest, suggesting substantial potential to improve egress performance through routing design and seat/section allocation. By linking occupancy to emergent patterns, the results provide a basis for safer and more efficient evacuation scenario design for large sports stadiums.

The affiliated population is not merely a flow of people, but a new social system that involves rebuilding relationships and represents a new value or way of life. The purpose of this study is to examine ways to increase and expand the affiliated population as a means of regional promotion, enabling agricultural and mountain villages to become vibrant low-density communities, and to identify related research tasks. The analysis results are as follows. The affiliated population contributes to solving local problems and enhancing the attractiveness of agricultural and mountain villages. It is also expected to induce endogenous regional development through cooperation with local residents, create added value by discovering and refining regional resources, and ultimately contribute to regional revitalization. Therefore, an increase in the number of affiliated people can be expected to serve as an important basis for building a sustainable social system by fostering mutual complementarity between urban and rural areas. It can be expected that this framework enables visitors to fully understand the attractiveness and culture of the region and encourages weekend migration to areas with few migrants. From the perspective of expanding and deepening affiliated populations, the role of support and the sharing of connections—comprising talent, place, and system creation is important. In this regard, it is important to quantitatively evaluate whether the presence of affiliated populations in agricultural and mountain villages can be realized, as well as the effects of mid-to long-term measures, and to regularly review these outcomes. Furthermore, a comprehensive evaluation method for both should be further considered, as it suggests the possibility of establishing new social capital as a model for wide-area symbiotic relationships between villages and affiliated populations. The strength of weak ties in social networks can be applied to affiliated population networks.

This study tries to classify image-based landforms using CNN, with photographs from the National Ecosystem Survey, and discusses limitations and implications of the landform classification. Among the 21 types of landforms used in this study, landforms such as waterfall, artificial lake and sand beach with distinct morphological features show high accuracy, while geomorphic process-dominant landform including river terrace exhibits low classification accuracy. Moreover, misclassification occurs among the landforms with common morphological features. The image-based landform classification using CNN has obvious limitations, because it considers only morphological features on a photograph. However, it is expected that the landform classification will provide new possibilities for landform classification or geomorphic study with the help of various additional data.

Hypothesizing that the place names Hallasan and Baengnokdam are derived from the Jeju indigenous place names, this article aims to elucidate the naming period, naming agent, reason for naming, and original native place names from a historical-geographical and toponymic perspective, which have been transformed into Chinese character place names. The research results are summarized as follows: First, it is presumed that the Chinese character place name ‘Hallasan (漢拏山)’ was first recorded and appeared in the late 14th century to early 15th century by the new Confucian scholars and scholars who held the Neo-Confucian reformist ideology during the late Goryeo and early Joseon periods. Considering that ‘Hallasan (漢羅山)’ was first recorded by Kwon Geun (權近) in 1397, shortly after the founding of Joseon in the late 14th century, and the characteristics of the notation, it appears to have retained the phonetic transcription form of an ancient place name morpheme. The meaning of ​​a place name like ‘Hallasan Mountain (漢拏山), so high that it can pull up the Milky Way in the sky’ is believed to have first appeared in the late 15th century, around 1472-1477. In the case of Baengnokdam Pond (白鹿潭), it first appeared in Namsarok (南槎錄) written by Kim Sang-heon (金尙憲) in 1601, in the early 17th century. The recognition of the place name as ‘the pond where the Taoist hermit gave the white deer a drink of water’, which has a Taoist meaning, was first found in the Yuhallasangi (遊漢拏山記) written by Kim Chi (金緻), who served as the Jeju magistrate from 1609 to 1610. Second, it was estimated that the Jeju native place names of Hallasan and Baengnokdam were ‘^*Hallasan~^*Harasan’ meaning ‘mountain (oreum) on a large land’ and ‘^*Beoromot~^*Beoreomut’ meaning ‘wind pond’. In addition, in the case of ‘Hallasan (漢拏山)’, it is presumed that the prior morpheme of a toponym were written in Chinese characters that reflected Taoist values ​​by Confucian intellectuals and officials with Taoist learning in the early Joseon Dynasty, from the late 14th century (1397) to the mid-15th century (1451-1454). In the case of ‘Baengnokdam (白鹿潭)’, it is presumed that it was written as ‘白鹿’ (white deer) in the phonetic transcription, which has Confucian and Taoist symbolic meaning and value, by Kim Yang-pil (金良弼), a Confucian scholar from Jeju Island in the early 16th century (1520-1521).

Despite the rapid verticalization of urban space, how airspace is constituted as a scarce and exclusive right and becomes the structural basis for rent extraction has not been sufficiently theorized. This paper addresses this gap by formalizing the concept of vertical enclosure. Vertical enclosure denotes the process through which urban planning systems differentially allocate the development potential of airspace via authorization, legally vesting exclusive rights of access and revenue in designated parties. The conversion of development potential into economic value requires the mediating process of assetization, conceptualized here as comprising three moments: the constitution of exclusive rights, the calculation of economic value, and the capitalization of future income streams into present value. Capitalization operates prior to the formal vesting of rights and forms a self-reinforcing cycle that feeds back into subsequent institutional approvals. On this basis, the paper extends Marx's three forms of rent into the vertical dimension of urban airspace, showing how they arise from the same institutional conditions and are organized into a layered and unified rent structure. Using Seoul's urban redevelopment projects as a paradigmatic case (Flyvbjerg, 2006), this study argues that rent extraction in urban airspace is not an expression of natural scarcity or differential productivity, but the economic manifestation of institutionally produced scarcity and exclusivity.

Urban social and economic performance is shaped by cumulative interactions in urban space and is closely related to urban structure. This study focuses on urban vitality as a specific dimension of urban performance and empirically examines the relationship between structural factors and social and economic vitality in small and medium-sized cities in Korea. For 83 cities with populations between 50,000 and 500,000, indicators of compactness and connectivity were constructed. Urban structural types were identified through hierarchical cluster analysis, and Global/Local GAM models were applied to analyze structure–vitality relationships. The results show that the Local GAM, which reflects urban structural types, provides higher explanatory power and better fit than the Global GAM. In Cluster A (relatively high-density and high-connectivity), population movement shows a nonlinear effect, negatively influencing both social and economic vitality beyond a threshold. In Cluster C (low-density and low-connectivity), structural changes affect social and economic vitality in opposite directions. Overall, the findings confirm the heterogeneity of structure–vitality relationships and highlight the need for type- and context-sensitive approaches.

This study examines the geographical implications of natural resources that have emerged as critical minerals. Economic activities are fundamentally a process of material transformation in which natural resources are converted into various commodities and technologies. In this process, the extraction, processing, distribution and consumption of natural resources are coordinated through complex geographical production networks. Issues surrounding resources extend beyond technical exploration and economic supply to encompass the spatial structures and intricate political-economic relations through which resources are produced, circulated and consumed. Critical minerals, positioned at the intersection of economic growth, technological innovation, geographical relations, and environmental concerns, demand an analytical examination on how particular minerals have come to be coordinated as ‘critical’ within specific historical and geographical contexts and how global value chains are being restructured. To this end, this study takes tungsten as a case mineral to demonstrate that geopolitical tensions and geoeconomic competition are reshaping global supply chains toward non-China production networks, and that these changes are driving the restructuring of local space and industrial configurations in tungsten-producing regions. In conclusion, the study argues that the geographies of critical minerals is not merely a matter of resource management, but a key lens through which to understand contemporary international political-economic spaces.

Mental health has become a growing public concern in Korea, as key mental health indicators show concerning trends compared with those of other countries. Psychiatric clinics play a central role in mental health promotion, as patients and individuals at high risk rely on them for ongoing diagnosis and follow-up care. Although geographic proximity has been shown to influence psychiatric clinic utilization, most studies assessing potential accessibility to psychiatric services have been based on unimodal travel assumptions. Given that the introduction of the integrated transit fare system has significantly reduced travel costs for residents of Seoul and its surrounding areas, transferability between transport modes should be explicitly considered in accessibility assessments. In this study, we incorporated cross-modal transfers into public transit feed data to examine potential accessibility to psychiatric clinics in Seoul under multimodal transit scenarios and to compare the results with those obtained from conventional unimodal approaches. The results indicate that multimodal public transit improves connectivity between major residential areas with high potential demand and central business districts, where most psychiatric clinics are concentrated, thereby reducing spatial disparities in potential accessibility. Overall, these findings suggest that unimodal accessibility assessments risk introducing systematic bias, while accounting for transfers is crucial for accurately evaluating access to psychiatric clinics in metropolitan settings.

Human induced global warming has led to greater risks of extreme heat events, which intensify negative impacts on human society and ecosystem. The intensified extreme heat events can lead to prolonged heat conditions, and such compound events often result in amplified impacts. However, the current lack of appropriate indicators to capture characteristics of compound extremes makes it difficult to detect these phenomena accurately and evaluate their potential danger. Thus, we developed two compound extreme heat indicators, Consecutive Heat Event (CHE) and Heatwave (HW) to assess the successive heat occurrence in the Republic of Korea. The national averaged frequencies of CHE and HW indicated significant upward trends, supported by a notable rise after the 2010s. Intensity, severity, and duration of those events also followed increasing pattern to frequencies. Analysis of individual station data reveals that urban areas exhibited the highest vulnerability to compound extreme heat events, primarily influenced by the Urban Heat Island effects. Under the high-emission scenario, robust increases in the frequency of CHE and HW were detected nationwide, accompanied by strengthened intensity and durations of heat events. Even under the lowest-emission scenario, the compound extreme heat events were projected to increase in the near future due to the accumulated greenhouse gas, however they stabilized as the time progressed.