All Issue

2026 Vol.61, Issue 2 Preview Page
Analysis of Potential Spatial Accessibility to Psychiatric Clinics in Seoul Incorporating Public Transit Transfer Systems

대중교통 환승 체계를 반영한 서울시 정신의료기관의 잠재적 공간 접근성 분석

Daehoon Yua
,
Insang Songb*
유 대훈a
,
송 인상b*
aMaster's Student, Department of Geography, College of Social Sciences, Seoul National University
bAssistant Professor, Department of Geography, College of Social Sciences and The Institute for Korean Regional Studies, Seoul National University
a서울대학교 사회과학대학 지리학과 석사과정
b서울대학교 사회과학대학 지리학과 조교수 및 국토문제연구소 겸무연구원
*Corresponding Author
30 April 2026. pp. 284-303
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

Mental health has become a growing public concern in Korea, as key mental health indicators show concerning trends compared with those of other countries. Psychiatric clinics play a central role in mental health promotion, as patients and individuals at high risk rely on them for ongoing diagnosis and follow-up care. Although geographic proximity has been shown to influence psychiatric clinic utilization, most studies assessing potential accessibility to psychiatric services have been based on unimodal travel assumptions. Given that the introduction of the integrated transit fare system has significantly reduced travel costs for residents of Seoul and its surrounding areas, transferability between transport modes should be explicitly considered in accessibility assessments. In this study, we incorporated cross- modal transfers into public transit feed data to examine potential accessibility to psychiatric clinics in Seoul under multimodal transit scenarios and to compare the results with those obtained from conventional unimodal approaches. The results indicate that multimodal public transit improves connectivity between major residential areas with high potential demand and central business districts, where most psychiatric clinics are concentrated, thereby reducing spatial disparities in potential accessibility. Overall, these findings suggest that unimodal accessibility assessments risk introducing systematic bias, while accounting for transfers is crucial for accurately evaluating access to psychiatric clinics in metropolitan settings.

Keywords
accessibility
three-step floating catchment area model (3SFCA)
public transit
transfer
psychiatric clinics

한국의 정신건강 지표는 세계 각국과 비교하여 악화 경향이 뚜렷하여 대책에 관한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 정신의료기관은 우울증이나 조현병 등 정신질환이 의심되거나 이환 중인 환자들이 주기적으로 진료와 상담을 받는 장소로서 정신보건에서 중심적 역할을 수행한다. 정신의료기관의 이용률은 지리적 근접성과 밀접하게 연관되어 있으나, 기존 연구에서는 단일 교통수단 이용을 가정한 분석이 주를 이루어 왔다. 그러나 광범위한 대중교통 네트워크가 전체 통행의 상당 부분을 분담하므로 잠재적 공간 접근성을 평가할 때 이용자의 환승 가능성을 고려할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 서울특별시와 인천광역시, 경기도 일부를 대상으로 환승체계를 고려한 다중수단(multimodal) 대중교통을 활용해 정신의료기관의 잠재적 접근성을 평가하고, 기존 단일수단 기반 평가 결과와 비교 분석했다. 3단계유동권역분석법(3SFCA) 모형에 대중교통체계 환승을 반영한 결과 정신의료기관이 집중적으로 분포한 중심지역과 수요인구가 주로 분포한 주변지역 간 연결성이 향상되어 정신의료기관 접근성의 공간적 격차가 줄어드는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 대도시에서의 정신의료기관 접근성 분석에서 환승 반영이 중요함을 강조하며, 기존의 단일 교통수단 기반 분석의 개선 방향을 제시한다.

키워드
접근성
3단계유동권역분석법(3SFCA)
대중교통
환승
정신의료기관
References
1

김채봉･황성완, 2012, “정신과 외래환자들의 의료이용에 관한 연구,” 보건의료산업학회지, 6(1), 77-86.

10.12811/kshsm.2012.6.1.077
2

동재용･이광수, 2017, “종합병원 정신건강의학과에 대한 공간적 접근성과 외래 의료이용 분석,” 보건행정학회지, 27(4), 315-323.

3

보건복지부･국립정신건강센터, 2022, 2021년 정신건강실태조사 보고서, 보건복지부, 11-1352629-000065-01.

4

보건복지부･국립정신건강센터, 2024a, 국가 정신건강현황 동향 보고서(2019~2023), 보건복지부.

5

보건복지부･국립정신건강센터, 2024b, 국가 정신건강현황 보고서 2024, 보건복지부, 11-1352629-100023-10.

6

서울특별시･서울의료원･서울정신건강복지센터, 2024, 2024 서울시정신건강지표.

7

윤선웅･김지호･서재준･권규상, 2025, “공간적 접근성 측정에서 경쟁 효과의 중요성: 2SFCA 모형에 기반한 소아과 접근성 측정 사례를 중심으로,” 地域硏究, 41(2), 35-49.

8

이슬･양재형･김여림･송현민･홍성연, 2025, “거리 함수가 접근성 평가에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구-직선 거리와 네트워크 거리의 비교,” 대한지리학회지, 60(2), 157- 167.

9

이찬희･임현선･김영남･윤수진･박양숙･김선애･박은철･강중구, 2017, “외래 초진환자의 만족진료시간과 관련 추가 비용 지불 의사,” 보건행정학회지, 27(1), 39-46.

10.11157/anzswj-vol27iss4id436
10

이태호･김민지･신한수･김지수･윤기쁨･곽미영･이태식･황교상･황종윤, 2018, 2018년 의료취약지 모니터링 연구, 보건복지부･국립중앙의료원.

11

전진아･전민경･김낭희･박재현･이용주･윤시몬･유혜영･김보은, 2019, 수요자 중심의 정신건강서비스 접근성 강화 전략 연구, 한국보건사회연구원, 연구보고서 2019-29.

12

정희지･강전영, 2024, “영유아 및 소아 의료 인프라의 공간적 접근성에 대한 시간적 불균형 탐색: 서울특별시의 평일 주간, 평일 야간, 주말을 대상으로,” 한국지도학회지, 24(3), 61-73.

10.16879/jkca.2024.24.3.061
13

홍성표, 2023, “우이신설 경전철 개통 후 네트워크 접근성 개선에 따른 역세권 공시지가 영향 분석,” 국토계획, 58(6), 114-127.

10.17208/jkpa.2023.11.58.6.114
14

Apparicio, P., Abdelmajid, M., Riva, M. and Shearmur, R., 2008, Comparing alternative approaches to measuring the geographical accessibility of urban health services: Distance types and aggregation-error issues, International Journal of Health Geographics, 7(1), 7.

10.1186/1476-072X-7-718282284PMC2265683
15

Apparicio, P., Gelb, J., Dubé, A. S., Kingham, S., Gauvin, L. and Robitaille, É., 2017, The approaches to measuring the potential spatial access to urban health services revisited: Distance types and aggregation-error issues, International Journal of Health Geographics, 16(1), 32.

10.1186/s12942-017-0105-928830461PMC5568316
16

Azimi, S., Uddin, N. and Dragovic, M., 2025, Access to urban community mental health services: Does geographical distance play a role?, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 60(4), 849-857.

10.1007/s00127-024-02779-y
17

Bauer, J. and Groneberg, D. A., 2016, Measuring spatial accessibility of health care providers - Introduction of a variable distance decay function within the floating catchment area (FCA) method, PloS One, 11(7), e0159148.

10.1371/journal.pone.015914827391649PMC4938577
18

Bloom, D.E., Cafiero, E.T., Jané-Llopis, E., Abrahams-Gessel, S., Bloom, L.R., Fathima, S., Feigl, A.B., Gaziano, T., Mowafi, M., Pandya, A., Prettner, K., Rosenberg, L., Seligman, B., Stein, A.Z. and Weinstein, C., 2011, The Global Economic Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Economic Forum, Geneva.

19

Chen, X. and Jia, P., 2019, A comparative analysis of accessibility measures by the two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 33(9), 1739-1758.

10.1080/13658816.2019.1591415
20

Cummings, J. R., Allen, L., Clennon, J., Ji, X. and Druss, B. G., 2017, Geographic access to specialty mental health care across high-and low-income US communities, JAMA Psychiatry, 74(5), 476-484.

10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.030328384733PMC5693377
21

Dijkstra, E. W., 1959, A Note on two problems in connexion with graphs, Numerische Mathematik, 1, 269-271.

10.1007/BF01386390
22

Dinwiddie, G. Y., Gaskin, D. J., Chan, K. S., Norrington, J. and McCleary, R., 2013, Residential segregation, geographic proximity and type of services used: Evidence for racial/ethnic disparities in mental health, Social Science & Medicine, 80, 67-75.

10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.11.02423312305PMC4119020
23

Fang, D., Liu, D. and Kwan, M. P., 2025, Evaluating spatial variation of accessibility to urban green spaces and its inequity in Chicago: Perspectives from multi-types of travel modes and travel time, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 104, 128593.

10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128593
24

Fortin, P., Morency, C. and Trépanier, M., 2016, Innovative GTFS data application for transit network analysis using a graph-oriented method, Journal of Public Transportation, 19(4), 18-37.

10.5038/2375-0901.19.4.2
25

Fortney, J., Rost, K., Zhang, M. and Warren, J., 1999, The impact of geographic accessibility on the intensity and quality of depression treatment, Medical Care, 37(9), 884-893.

10.1097/00005650-199909000-00005
26

Gu, Z., Luo, X., Tang, M. and Liu, X., 2023, Does the edge effect impact the healthcare equity? An examination of the equity in hospitals accessibility in the edge city in multi-scale, Journal of Transport Geography, 106, 103513.

10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2022.103513
27

Guagliardo, M. F., 2004, Spatial accessibility of primary care: Concepts, methods and challenges, International Journal of Health Geographics, 3(1), 3.

10.1186/1476-072X-3-314987337PMC394340
28

Guerra, E., Cervero, R. and Tischler, D., 2012, Half-mile circle: Does it best represent transit station catchments?. Transportation research record, 2276(1), 101-109.

10.3141/2276-12
29

Hansen, W. G., 1959, How accessibility shapes land use, Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 25(2), 73-76.

10.1080/01944365908978307
30

Higgins, C. D., Xi, Y. L., Widener, M., Palm, M., Vaughan, J., Miller, E. J., DeJohn, A. and Farber, S., 2022, Calculating place-based transit accessibility, Journal of Transport and Land Use, 15(1), 95-116.

10.5198/jtlu.2022.2012
31

Hunyadi, J., Savas, L. S., Zhang, K., Deason, J. E., Ramphul, R., Peskin, M. F., Frost, E. L. and Bauer, C., 2025, A comparison of floating catchment area parameters with applications to a dataset of clinics enrolled in a statewide child and adolescent psychiatric consultation program, Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1498819.

10.3389/fpubh.2025.149881940051515PMC11882419
32

Huxley, P., 1993, Location and stigma: A survey of community attitudes to mental illness part II: Community mental health facilities-anonymity or invisibility, Journal of Mental Health, 2(2), 157-164.

10.3109/09638239309018398
33

Jarvis, E., 1866, Influence of distance from and nearness to an insane hospital on its use by the people, American Journal of Psychiatry, 22(3), 361-406.

10.1176/ajp.22.3.361
34

Jin, H. and Lu, Y., 2022, Multi-mode huff-based 2SFCA: Examining geographical accessibility to food outlets in Austin, Texas, ISPRS International Journal of Geo- Information, 11(11), 579.

10.3390/ijgi11110579
35

Jörg, R. and Haldimann, L., 2023, MHV3SFCA: A new measure to capture the spatial accessibility of health care systems, Health & Place, 79, 102974.

10.1016/j.healthplace.2023.102974
36

Joseph, A. E. and Bantock, P. R., 1982, Measuring potential physical accessibility to general practitioners in rural areas: A method and case study, Social Science & Medicine, 16(1), 85-90.

10.1016/0277-9536(82)90428-2
37

Kim, Y., Byon, Y. J. and Yeo, H., 2018, Enhancing healthcare accessibility measurements using GIS: A case study in Seoul, Korea, PloS One, 13(2), e0193013.

10.1371/journal.pone.019301329462194PMC5819796
38

Lankila, T., Laatikainen, T., Wikström, K., Linna, M. and Antikainen, H., 2022, Association of travel time with mental health service use in primary health care according to contact type — A register-based study in Kainuu, Finland, BMC Health Services Research, 22 (1), 1458.

10.1186/s12913-022-08815-436451184PMC9713086
39

Lin, Y., Wan, N., Sheets, S., Gong, X. and Davies, A., 2018, A multi-modal relative spatial access assessment approach to measure spatial accessibility to primary care providers, International Journal of Health Geographics, 17(1), 33.

10.1186/s12942-018-0153-930139378PMC6108155
40

López-Lara, E., Garrido-Cumbrera, M. and Díaz-Cuevas, M. P., 2012, Improving territorial accessibility of mental health services: The case of Spain, The European Journal of Psychiatry, 26(4), 227-235.

10.4321/S0213-61632012000400002
41

Luo, W. and Wang, F., 2003, Measures of spatial accessibility to health care in a GIS environment: Synthesis and a case study in the Chicago region, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 30(6), 865-884.

10.1068/b2912034188345PMC8238135
42

Luo, W. and Qi, Y., 2009, An enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method for measuring spatial accessibility to primary care physicians, Health & Place, 15(4), 1100-1107.

10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.06.002
43

Luo, J., 2014, Integrating the huff model and floating catchment area methods to analyze spatial access to healthcare services, Transactions in GIS, 18(3), 436-448.

10.1111/tgis.12096
44

Luxen, D. and Vetter, C., 2011, Real-time routing with OpenStreetMap data, Proceedings of the 19th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems (ACM SIGSPATIAL GIS '11), Chicago, November 1-4, 513-516.

10.1145/2093973.2094062
45

Ngui, A. N. and Vanasse, A., 2012, Assessing spatial accessibility to mental health facilities in an urban environment, Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology, 3(3), 195-203.

10.1016/j.sste.2011.11.001
46

Ni, J., Chen, J., Fu, Z., Xi, C. and Wang, J., 2023, Examining commercial center accessibility using a modified 2SFCA method in realistic networks in Nanjing, China, Networks and Spatial Economics, 23(4), 1025-1045.

10.1007/s11067-023-09602-2
47

Openshaw, S., 1984, The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem, Geo Books, Norwick.

48

Packness, A., Waldorff, F. B., Christensen, R. D., Hastrup, L. H., Simonsen, E., Vestergaard, M. and Halling, A., 2017, Impact of socioeconomic position and distance on mental health care utilization: A nationwide Danish follow-up study, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52(11), 1405-1413.

10.1007/s00127-017-1437-228849245PMC5663810
49

Parr, H. and Philo, C., 2003, Rural mental health and social geographies of caring, Social & Cultural Geography, 4(4), 471-488.

10.1080/1464936032000137911
50

Penchansky, R. and Thomas, J. W., 1981, The concept of access: Definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction, Medical Care, 19(2), 127-140.

10.1097/00005650-198102000-00001
51

Saki, S. and Hagen, T., 2022, A practical guide to an open- source map-matching approach for big GPS data, SN Computer Science, 3(5), 415.

10.1007/s42979-022-01340-5
52

Shannon, G. W., Bashshur, R. L. and Lovett, J. E., 1986, Distance and the use of mental health services, The Milbank Quarterly, 64(2), 302-330.

10.2307/3349974
53

Sim, J. W. and Cho, G. H., 2025, Dynamic public transit accessibility analysis using actual transit operation data, International Journal of Urban Sciences, in-press, 1-23.

10.1080/12265934.2025.2503727
54

Smith-East, M. and Neff, D. F., 2020, Mental health care access using geographic information systems: An integrative review, Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 41(2), 113-121.

10.1080/01612840.2019.1646363
55

Stewart, H., Jameson, J. P. and Curtin, L., 2015, The relationship between stigma and self-reported willingness to use mental health services among rural and urban older adults, Psychological Services, 12(2), 141.

10.1037/a0038651
56

Stulz, N., Pichler, E. M., Kawohl, W. and Hepp, U., 2018, The gravitational force of mental health services: Distance decay effects in a rural Swiss service area, BMC Health Services Research, 18, 81.

10.1186/s12913-018-2888-129402266PMC5800291
57

Tadmon, D. and Bearman, P. S., 2023, Differential spatial- social accessibility to mental health care and suicide, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(19), e2301304120.

10.1073/pnas.230130412037126686PMC10175830
58

Vallée, J., Shareck, M., Kestens, Y. and Frohlich, K. L., 2022, Everyday geography and service accessibility: The contours of disadvantage in relation to mental health, Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 112(4), 931-947.

10.1080/24694452.2021.1940824
59

Vander Wielen, L. M., Gilchrist, E. C., Nowels, M. A., Petterson, S. M., Rust, G. and Miller, B. F., 2015, Not near enough: Racial and ethnic disparities in access to nearby behavioral health care and primary care, Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 26(3), 1032-1047.

10.1353/hpu.2015.008326320931PMC4962556
60

Wan, N., Zou, B. and Sternberg, T., 2012, A three-step floating catchment area method for analyzing spatial access to health services, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 26(6), 1073-1089.

10.1080/13658816.2011.624987
61

Wang, F. and Luo, W., 2005, Assessing spatial and nonspatial factors for healthcare access: Towards an integrated approach to defining health professional shortage areas, Health & Place, 11(2), 131-146.

10.1016/j.healthplace.2004.02.003
62

Wang, L. and Ariwi, J., 2021, Mental health crisis and spatial accessibility to mental health services in the city of Toronto: A geographic study, International Health Trends and Perspectives, 1(2), 191-213.

10.32920/ihtp.v1i2.1427
63

Wessel, N. and Farber, S., 2019, On the accuracy of schedule- based GTFS for measuring accessibility, Journal of Transport and Land Use, 12(1), 475-500.

10.5198/jtlu.2019.1502
64

World Health Organization, 2022, World Mental Health Report: Transforming Mental Health for All, Geneva.

65

Zhou, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, L., Wang, L. and Wu, C., 2020, Measuring accessibility of healthcare facilities for populations with multiple transportation modes considering residential transportation mode choice, ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(6), 394.

10.3390/ijgi9060394
66

Zulian, G., Donisi, V., Secco, G., Pertile, R., Tansella, M. and Amaddeo, F., 2011, How are caseload and service utilisation of psychiatric services influenced by distance? A geographical approach to the study of community-based mental health services, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46(9), 881-891.

10.1007/s00127-010-0257-4
67

서울특별시, 2019, ｢서울 대중교통｣(브로셔), 서울정책아카이브, https://www.seoulsolution.kr/ko/content/8537, 2026년 2월 1일 접속.

68

Padgham, M., Stepniak, M., 2022년 1월 9일 수정, gtfsrouter: Routing with GTFS (General Transit Feed Specification) Data, https://github.com/ATFutures/gtfs-router, 2025년 10월 6일 접속.

69

Pereira, R. H., Saraiva, M., Herszenhut, D., Braga, C. K. V. and Conway, M. W., 2021년 3월 5일 수정, R5r: Rapid Realistic Routing on Multimodal Transport Networks with R5 in R, https://findingspress.org/article/21262-r5r-rapid-realistic-routing-on-multimodal-transport-networks-with-r-5-in-r, 2025년 10월 9일 접속.

10.32866/001c.21262
70

Young, M., 2021년 1월 20일 수정, OpenTripPlanner - creating and querying your own multi-modal route planner, https://github.com/marcusyoung/otp-tutorial, 2025년 10월 25일 접속.

Information
  • Publisher :The Korean Geographical Society
  • Publisher(Ko) :대한지리학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
  • Journal Title(Ko) :대한지리학회지
  • Volume : 61
  • No :2
  • Pages :284-303
  • Received Date : 2026-02-26
  • Revised Date : 2026-04-26
  • Accepted Date : 2026-04-27
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.22776/kgs.2026.61.2.284
Journal Informaiton Journal of the Korean Geographical Society Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
online submission
  • NRF
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • KCI 문헌 유사도 검사
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close