Journal of the Korean Geographical Society ISSN:1225-6633(Print) 대한지리학회지

In this study, we proposed a missing value interpolation method of particulate matter (PM) concentration that can consider both temporal and spatial characteristics of PM using The long short-term memory model (LSTM). The data of neighboring stations and automated surface observation systems (ASOSs), as well as spatial auto-correlation indexes, were included as the input data to reflect the spatial characteristics of air pollution monitoring stations. The interpolation results were compared with the results of traditional spatial interpolation methods. The results showed that our interpolation method based on the neural network produced more accurate results than those of existing spatial interpolation methods. PM concentration distribution map was produced for the section where missing values were falsely generated and compared with the real concentration distribution map. Based on the map results, The concentration map based on the neural network model was most similar to the real concentration distribution. In order to check a usability of the proposed model, The model was also applied to other monitoring stations. As a result, The accuracy of the LSTM with the temporal and spatial characteristics was the highest in 8 of the 10 monitoring stations. The missing value interpolation model proposed in this study was able to improve the reliability of PM analysis results by reducing errors due to the missing values.

Return-to-farm migrants have experienced changes in their making livelihoods out of local resources as socio-economic environment has been changed as a result of increased income through economic development along with the development of transportation and information-communication technology. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to show how return-to-farm migrants have altered their ways of making livelihoods, and to find the changing factors. These changing factors were found in evolving symmetry structure of return-to-farm activities, and in shifting types of starting business and successive business. The findings are as follows: Changes in creating livelihoods for migrants who had returned to farm and rural areas in both 2012 and 2023 resulted in a decline in conventional agriculture in rural and mountain villages and a transition to smart agriculture using multifunctionality and ICT. Therefore, in converging industries that enable a circular economy in rural area need to be developed to support sustainable local agriculture which consists of local production in local areas. In addition, smart agriculture which uses automated ICT needs to be supported to compensate for shortages in manpower and to reduce carbon and to be eco-friendly. And in creating a livelihood, it is essential to increase symbiotic exchanges between urban and rural residents who are of affiliated populations in order to allow local residents more job opportunities and social contribution, and to add values by branding products.

Analyzing 68 maps published after 1945, this study investigated the marking methods and their sources of Baekdu Mountain border line on South Korean maps. Until the end of 1960s, Korean maps did not include Cheonji lake as a part of Korean territory. At the beginning of 1970s, parts of Cheonji were firstly marked as Korean territory, and then it came to be the whole of Cheonji since mid-1970s. Several factors, such as the worship of Baekdu Mountain recalled by foreign media reports related to the Sino-Korean Border Agreement (1962), 7.4 South-North joint statement, the establishment of Yushin Regime and system competition between South and North Korea, the spread of anti-communism, as well as the strengthening of nationalist education had caused such changes. The marking method was changed again during mid-1990s to partially reflect the border between North Korea and China, which borders the east of Cheonji. In the 21st century, this border line was found not passing through the Jeonggyebi stele site but through the north to 42 degrees north latitude, bordering the outer rim of Cheonji on most of Korean maps. Such a border line exists neither in the past nor the present. It was created by imagination based on some of the facts from the Gando Agreement, topographic maps by Japanese Imperial Army, and the Sino-Korean Border Agreement.

This study examines the characteristics of the residential distribution of foreign workers in the Seoul metropolitan area by different groups. More specifically, this study attempts to investigate which of the two influences (agglomerations by nationality and socioeconomic status) is stronger in their spatial distribution patterns. For the analysis, 25 groups by nationality, and high-income professional and low-income non-professional worker groups by visa status are classified, and the distribution characteristics of concentration and isolation are examined. Then, a comparison is made between nationality groups and socioeconomic status groups. The coefficient of variation and the index of dissimilarity are used for aspatial analysis on a micro spatial scale, and Moran’s I is used for spatial analysis on a macro spatial scale. The analysis is conducted on 66 cities and counties in Seoul metropolitan area. The result of the study shows that different nationality and socioeconomic status groups have various levels of concentration and isolation at different spatial scales. As a result of the comparison between the agglomeration patterns of the nationality and the socioeconomic status, it is confirmed that the two do not show significant difference in concentration level while the latter is stronger in isolation. Meanwhile, nationality type (developed and underdeveloped countries) and socioeconomic status (high-income professionals and low-income non-professionals) are closely associated with each other in the degrees of concentration and isolation. The results of this study can be used as basic data necessary for establishing future policies related to foreign residential areas.

Recently, there has been a strong correlation between societal vulnerability index study and natural disasters resulting from extreme weather phenomena. Specifically, the magnitude and frequency of natural hazards are progressively resulting in significant financial burdens on society, necessitating an escalating demand for nationwide interventions. Domestic studies concentrate on certain geographical areas or disasters, and it is imperative to broaden the research to encompass a comprehensive viewpoint for policy reactions. This study aimed to construct a vulnerability index for the entirety of South Korea through the implementation of a principal component analysis on a diverse array of social factors. The findings indicated that Eumseong-gun in Chungcheongbuk-do and Goseong-gun in Gangwon-do had significant vulnerability, with socioeconomic characteristics such as female labor participation and unemployment rate exerting a strong influence. Conversely, these characteristics seem to be designed to decrease vulnerability in urban regions, indicating that governmental interventions like decreasing unemployment rates could be successful in reducing vulnerability.

This study aims to examine tourism gentrification patterns in fishing villages with distinct conditions from urban context. The research focused on Ingu and Jukdo Beach in Yangyang-gun, Gangwonstate, and conducted statistical data analysis, landscape analysis, and in-depth interviews with local residents. The findings reveal that the beach area has experienced an increase in tourists and commercial facilities invested by people from out of town, a rise in land prices, and a deterioration in residents' living conditions, confirming the major features of tourism gentrification. On the other hand, distinctive features that set it apart from the typical tourism gentrification occurring in cities were also identified. First, the uniformity of the landscape, often considered a problem in urban gentrification, was not significantly compromised due to the surfing culture. Secondly, a substantial gap was identified between the cultures of tourists and residents, with residents experiencing not only discomfort but also cultural shock. However, the characteristics of surfing tourism, which is primarily focused on recreational sports activities rather than fishing village tourism, and the seasonality of marine tourism have spatially and temporally limited the direct negative impact of tourists on residents. Thirdly, the displacement of indigenous people has not been noticeable. This is attributed to the spatial characteristics of the presence of idle land along the beach, contributing to the separation of tourists' commercial districts and local residents' living areas, as well as demographic characteristics such as an aged population, a strong attachment to the hometown, and strong ties among residents. This study has significance in that it expands the spatial scope of tourism gentrification research to fishing villages and suggests implications considering regional characteristics.